Cascade History

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Memorial to the Six Million

A Sacred Space: The History of the Memorial to the Six Million

Chapter 1: The Survivors’ Vision

The most prominent feature within Greenwood Cemetery is the Memorial to the Six Million, an open-air structure designed to honor the murdered Jews of the Holocaust.[1] The creation of the memorial was spearheaded by Eternal Life-Hemshech, an organization founded in 1964 by approximately 150 Holocaust survivors living in the Atlanta area.[2] The word “Hemshech” translates to “continuation” in Hebrew.[3] The group operated under the guiding principle: “By our involvement in the history of the Holocaust, we hope to leave a permanent reminder for the future generations in this community that we were witnesses against the crimes committed against the Jewish people,” embracing the motto “L’dor V’dor” or “From generation to generation.”[4] Leon Rosen served as the first chairman of the group in 1963 and 1964, while Lola and Rubin Lansky served as co-chairs.[5], [6] The organizing committee also included Abraham Gastfiend, Mala Gastfiend, Gaston Nitka, and Rubin Pichulik.[7]

The survivors wanted a physical memorial because they had no gravesites to visit to recite the Kaddish, the Jewish memorial prayer, for their murdered family members.[8] They chose Greenwood Cemetery because they knew synagogues and Jewish centers could come and go, but a cemetery would be permanent.[9] Initially, the group planned to erect a simple marble slab measuring six feet wide by three feet tall with “6 million” inscribed on each side.[10]

Chapter 2: Benjamin Hirsch and the Design

Benjamin Hirsch, a 32-year-old architect who had just received his license in 1962, saw an announcement about the project in The Southern Israelite and attended an early meeting.[11], [12] Hirsch was a Holocaust survivor who had fled to Paris from Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on a Kindertransport to Great Britain in 1938 alongside four of his older brothers.[13], [14], [15] That departure was the last time he saw his mother.[16] He arrived in Atlanta in 1941 at the age of nine speaking no English.[17] His father was arrested and taken to the Buchenwald concentration camp before being murdered at Auschwitz in 1942.[18] His mother and two younger siblings were killed in the gas chambers at Auschwitz in 1943.[19], [20]

Hirsch introduced himself to the committee and offered to design something more meaningful without a fee.[21] Given two weeks to present an alternate concept, Hirsch stayed awake until 4:00 a.m. sketching ideas, and built a model from clay and cardboard at his office the next day.[22] Some committee members resisted increasing the scope of the project, but Lola Lansky insisted on adopting Hirsch’s design.[23] Abraham (Abe) Besser, another local Holocaust survivor, participated pro bono as the builder.[24]

Hirsch was uniquely qualified for the task. He graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology College of Architecture in 1958, where he studied under Paul M. Heffernan, a director who had trained at Harvard University under Walter Gropius and actively promoted modernism.[25] Hirsch practiced primarily in Atlanta between 1962 and 1995, specializing in religious architecture.[26] He would later design the Breman Museum’s Absence of Humanity exhibit and author three books about his experiences: Hearing a Different Drummer (2000), Home Is Where You Find It, and In Search of Validation (2020).[27], [28]

The memorial was funded entirely by the survivor community in Atlanta, who had to overcome language differences to complete the project.[29] The total cost was $11,000, which included $2,400 for the small plot of land, $7,924.21 for construction, and $440 for landscaping.[30] Most contributions were $100, with the largest single donation being $500.[31]

Hirsch designed the memorial using four L-shaped walls of varying heights, ranging from seven to thirteen feet tall.[32] The structure measures roughly 50 feet long and 25 feet wide and is nestled in a valley on the south side of the cemetery adjacent to the Jewish section.[33] A small hedge located around the base is the only landscaping element associated with the structure.[34] The walls are laid in uncoursed Stone Mountain granite blocks.[35]

“Hirsch intentionally chose rough Stone Mountain granite rather than smooth marble because the rough stone symbolized the traumatic experience of the Holocaust. This choice of material carried additional weight given the history of the Second Era Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain and the 1915 lynching of Leo Frank by the Knights of Mary Phagan.”[36], [37]

The memorial’s abstract form and unadorned walls were a deliberate departure from the classical canon and allegorical monuments that were built in Georgia for most of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[38]

The four walls create four entrances, which Hirsch designed to symbolically invite people from the four corners of the earth to enter.[39] The entrances are wider on the outside and funnel inward to a narrower opening to create privacy for worship, a design choice Hirsch described as “truncating the entrances” so the interior is “accessible but not apparent until it is entered.”[40], [41] The interior space is open to the sky and features six 19-foot tall white torches in the center, representing the six million Jews killed.[42], [43] These torches were constructed out of the upright parts used for street light poles, spaced 58 centimeters apart.[44] Engineers from the Atlanta Gas Light Company assisted in developing the means to illuminate the torches.[45] A local artist named “Jim” cast the brass bowls that cap the steel poles.[46]

The torches rise from a black granite coffin that contains ashes from a mass grave at the Dachau concentration camp in Germany.[47] The tomb measures 84 centimeters wide by 462 centimeters long, sitting on a 16-centimeter high base, reaching a total height of 191.5 centimeters.[48] A tent-shaped bronze plaque atop the coffin, measuring 31 centimeters high by 36 centimeters wide, reads: “On Sunday, April 25, 1965 Were Saved Here for Eternal Rest Ashes from the Mass-Grave in Dachau of the Jewish Victims of the Nazi-Holocaust in Europe 1939-1945 May Their Memory Be Enshrined Forever.”[49], [50]

The exterior of the memorial features a cast-iron plaque titled “6,000,000,” also cast by the local artist Jim.[51], [52] Hirsch chose rusting iron so that the rust streaking down the stone walls would resemble blood.[53] The plaque features a passage from Genesis 6:10 selected by Dr. Leon Rosen, inscribed in English, Hebrew, and Yiddish: “The voice of my brothers blood crieth unto me from the grave.”[54] A small, free-standing stone dedication marker is located in front of the memorial bearing a bronze plaque that reads: “Dedicated April 25, 1965 / In Blessed Memory of the Six Million Jewish Martyrs / Perished in the Hitlerian Holocaust / In Europe 1939-1945 / Erected / By / Eternal Life-Hemshech / Organization of Survivors / Atlanta, Georgia / Benjamin Hirsch, AIA Architect / Abraham (Abe) Besser, Builder.”[55]

Inside the memorial, the walls are adorned with bronze plaques. The south wall features an eternal flame and a passage from Exodus 3:2 measuring 30 centimeters high by 91.5 centimeters wide: “The Bush Burned With Fire And Was Not Consumed.”[56], [57] The north wall bears a plaque measuring 36 centimeters high by 127 centimeters wide dedicated to “One Million Jewish Children Victims of the Nazi Barbarism in Europe 1939-1945.”[58], [59] The east wall features a plaque measuring 36 centimeters high by 153 centimeters wide dedicated on April 21, 1968, in honor of the 25th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.[60], [61] The west wall features the quote “For These I Weep” from Lamentations 1:16 and contains thirteen vertical rows of over 140 yahrzeit plaques bearing the names of family members of local survivors who were murdered.[62], [63]

Chapter 3: The 1970 Midnight Burial and the Soap Controversy

A stone marker on the west side of the memorial denotes the burial of four bars of soap stamped with the letters “RIF.”[64], [65] The story of how these bars arrived at the memorial is one of the most profound and controversial chapters in the site’s history.

Historical Context: The Midnight Burial
According to historical documentation, the bars were brought back to the United States by a Jewish U.S. soldier who was part of a force that liberated a concentration camp near Stettin, Germany. The soldier stuffed the soap bars in a bag and took them home. He eventually married a concentration camp survivor, and twenty-five years later, the couple was living on LaVista Road in DeKalb County. The soap bars were stashed in their basement and forgotten.[66]

One night, the husband came home from work and found that his wife, having run out of detergent, was using the soap on the laundry. As he explained what they were, they both became highly disturbed. At 3:00 a.m., the distressed couple called Rabbi Emanuel Feldman of nearby Congregation Beth Jacob. Feldman consulted rabbinical scholars in New York and Israel, then set a burial service in motion.[67]

Before sunrise on a cold March morning in 1970, Rabbi Feldman and architect Ben Hirsch slipped over the fence to Greenwood Cemetery to scout out a burial site for the four bars of soap. A hasty funeral service was conducted later that afternoon, as Jewish law required quick interment for the green-gray cakes. About 35 people, most of them survivors of European concentration camps, gathered around a small hole dug at the base of the local Holocaust memorial. None had any doubt that the soap bars were made from human beings.[68]

Decades later, the burial became the center of a historical controversy. In 2000, Ben Hirsch devoted a chapter to the incident in his memoir, Hearing a Different Drummer, urging scholars to take a closer look at the topic. As a result, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum barred Hirsch from conducting a book-signing on its premises in Washington. Museum officials, including chief historian Peter Black and Emory University professor Deborah Lipstadt, stated there was no proof that Nazis made soap of their victims on an industrial scale. While historians state the initials “RIF” stand for Reich Industrie Fett (Reich Industrial Fat), the “I” was widely interpreted as a “J” at the time, leading some to believe it stood for Reines Juden Fett (Pure Jewish Fat).[69], [70]

Hirsch defended the burial, stating, “There’s a religious issue here. These are not just bars of soap. They were buried as if they were human beings.” When asked if he favored exhuming the small soap casket for DNA testing, Rabbi Feldman replied, “Maybe it would be best for it to remain a mystery.” Connie Kolman, a specialist in tracing ancient DNA, noted that testing the bars in Greenwood Cemetery would likely be inconclusive due to contamination, as anyone who touched the cakes, including the housewife on LaVista Road, left minute DNA material on them.[71]

Chapter 4: Dedication and Decades of Remembrance

The Memorial to the Six Million was dedicated on April 25, 1965, with a Yizkor prayer service.[72] The dedication began with a funeral procession for the burial of the ashes from Dachau, carried by six survivor pallbearers.[73] Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. attended the ceremony and issued a proclamation declaring April 25, 1965, as a Day of Remembrance.[74] Following the dedication, Hirsch returned home and told his wife Jacquie, “I feel like I’ve accomplished the ultimate, what do I do now?”[75], [76]

The structure is recognized as the first Holocaust memorial constructed in Georgia and the first three-dimensional Holocaust memorial in the United States.[77] It was built during an era when few such memorials existed in the country, preceded only by a plain obelisk erected in Indianapolis in 1947, a small stone plaque placed in New York City’s Riverside Park in the 1940s, and a three-part stone monument built in Richmond, Virginia, in 1955.[78] The Atlanta memorial’s design was highly influential. In 1984, Dr. Helen M. Fagin cited the Memorial to the Six Million as inspiration for survivors in Florida to build a Holocaust memorial in Miami Beach.[79]

In 1968, the National Conference on Religious Architecture presented its merit award for excellence in design to Benjamin Hirsch for the memorial.[80] In 1970, Lola Lansky invited the Atlanta Jewish Federation to co-sponsor the annual Yom HaShoah commemoration, a partnership that continues today.[81] The memorial is utilized for International Holocaust Remembrance Day on January 27 and the Days of Remembrance commemorated in the spring.[82] A 1978 photograph published in The Atlanta Constitution captured Benjamin Hirsch and Jack Boozer examining the names on the memorial together.[83] Hemshech continues to utilize the site to provide speakers and docents for Holocaust education programs, sponsor teachers training seminars, and fund scholarships for students to participate in the March of the Living.[84] The group also brought the National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene to Atlanta to share Yiddish culture.[85]

The memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 21, 2008, at the State level of significance under Criteria Consideration G, an unusual designation because the structure had not yet existed for 50 years.[86], [87] On April 19, 2015, hundreds gathered to mark the 50th anniversary of the memorial, with Ambassador Stuart E. Eizenstat delivering the keynote address at the William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum.[88]

The annual Yom HaShoah ceremonies have featured prominent speakers and survivors. In May 1978, the observance featured guest speaker Mrs. Jeanne Daman-Scaglione, a Belgian Catholic who joined the Underground Movement and saved countless Jewish lives, for which she was honored by Yad Vashem. Martin Isenberg was designated as the chairman for the event.[89] In 1991, Rabbi Emanuel Feldman addressed a crowd of 400, stating, “Memory is life itself… A people without a memory cannot remain on this earth for very long.”[90] In 1999, Nechama Tec spoke to a crowd of 400 people, and the ceremony was dedicated to the recently deceased Lola Lansky.[91] In 2000, Leo Goldberger spoke to hundreds gathered at the memorial, recalling the people who helped his Jewish family escape Denmark when German Nazis invaded.[92]

In 2005, Governor Sonny Perdue signed a proclamation honoring survivors like Livia Greeson, Herbert Kohn, and Ilse Eichner Reiner.[93] Greeson, who bore the tattoo A-23666, recalled her mother dying in her arms at Bergen-Belsen just four days before the British liberated the camp.[94] Sam Silberger rolled up his sleeve to show his Auschwitz number, 178550, and Marty Storch showed his number, 57135.[95] Reiner, who survived Terezin and Auschwitz, returned as the featured speaker in 2023 at age 93, recalling how she hid in a root cellar beneath heaps of potatoes covered with burlap bags during a death march.[96] In 2026, the 61st annual ceremony featured 87-year-old George Rishfeld, who had fled Warsaw to Vilna as a child, alongside Rabbi Joe Prass and a youth choir from local Jewish day schools.[97]

Chapter 5: Restoration and Legacy

After nearly 60 years of exposure to the elements, the memorial required significant repairs. In 2024, Eternal Life-Hemshech, managed by Karen Lansky Edlin, hired Landmark Preservation from Savannah, Georgia, to restore the site.[98], [99] Greg Jacobs and his staff at Landmark Preservation replaced rusted metal with weather-resistant material, applied new mortar to patch cracked granite, and repaired the metal brackets used to affix the bronze plaques.[100], [101] The six torches were redesigned internally to replace the original gas igniting system with a new electric spark igniting system.[102], [103] During the restoration of the granite blocks, the small vessel containing the ashes from Dachau was temporarily revealed as the stones were removed.[104] The renovations were completed in time for the Yom HaShoah ceremony on May 5, 2024, which featured child survivor George Rishfeld from Warsaw, Poland, as the speaker.[105]

On April 27, 2026, the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation presented an Excellence in Restoration Award to the Memorial to the Six Million during its 49th annual ceremony in Marietta.[106] David Y. Mitchell, executive director of the Atlanta Preservation Center, praised the award, noting that Historic Preservation Month in May is the time to appreciate the value of America’s historic places as definers of our national character.[107]

Related Reading:

Footnotes & Citations (Click to Expand)
Citations:
  1. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  2. “Survivors of Nazism: To Erect Monument in Atlanta For Six Million Jewish Martyrs,” Southern Israelite, July 24, 1964. ↑
  3. Mike Weinroth, “Holocaust Memorial Restoration Begins at Greenwood,” Atlanta Jewish Times, January 10, 2024. ↑
  4. Eternal Life-Hemshech, “About Us,” Official Website. ↑
  5. Mike Weinroth, “Holocaust Memorial Restoration Begins at Greenwood,” Atlanta Jewish Times, January 10, 2024. ↑
  6. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  7. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  8. Eternal Life-Hemshech, “About Us,” Official Website. ↑
  9. Logan C. Ritchie, “Atlanta city officials explore taking over dilapidated Greenwood Cemetery,” Rough Draft, November 1, 2025. ↑
  10. Gracie Bonds Staples, “Remembering the six million Holocaust victims,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 9, 2015. ↑
  11. Gracie Bonds Staples, “Remembering the six million Holocaust victims,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 9, 2015. ↑
  12. Ben M., “Atlanta Holocaust Memorial ‘The Six Million’,” Clio, October 9, 2017. ↑
  13. Mike Weinroth, “Holocaust Memorial Restoration Begins at Greenwood,” Atlanta Jewish Times, January 10, 2024. ↑
  14. Gracie Bonds Staples, “Remembering the six million Holocaust victims,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 9, 2015. ↑
  15. Ben M., “Atlanta Holocaust Memorial ‘The Six Million’,” Clio, October 9, 2017. ↑
  16. Ben M., “Atlanta Holocaust Memorial ‘The Six Million’,” Clio, October 9, 2017. ↑
  17. Mike Weinroth, “Holocaust Memorial Restoration Begins at Greenwood,” Atlanta Jewish Times, January 10, 2024. ↑
  18. Ben M., “Atlanta Holocaust Memorial ‘The Six Million’,” Clio, October 9, 2017. ↑
  19. Gracie Bonds Staples, “Remembering the six million Holocaust victims,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 9, 2015. ↑
  20. Ben M., “Atlanta Holocaust Memorial ‘The Six Million’,” Clio, October 9, 2017. ↑
  21. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  22. Gracie Bonds Staples, “Remembering the six million Holocaust victims,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 9, 2015. ↑
  23. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  24. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  25. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  26. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  27. “New Memoir By Holocaust Survivor Reflects Hope and Humor Amid Despair and Death,” The Atlanta Constitution, July 17, 2000. ↑
  28. Shannon Byrne, “Lessons From A Holocaust Memorial,” I Am The Mountain, February 12, 2022. ↑
  29. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  30. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  31. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  32. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  33. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  34. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  35. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  36. Shannon Byrne, “Lessons From A Holocaust Memorial,” I Am The Mountain, February 12, 2022. ↑
  37. Shannon Byrne, “Lessons From A Holocaust Memorial,” I Am The Mountain, February 12, 2022. ↑
  38. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  39. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  40. Gracie Bonds Staples, “Remembering the six million Holocaust victims,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 9, 2015. ↑
  41. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  42. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  43. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  44. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  45. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  46. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  47. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  48. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  49. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  50. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  51. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  52. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  53. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  54. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  55. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  56. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  57. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  58. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  59. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  60. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  61. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  62. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  63. Eternal Life-Hemshech, “About Us,” Official Website. ↑
  64. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  65. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  66. Jim Galloway, “Bizarre burial prods Holocaust angst,” The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 25, 2000, Page A1. ↑
  67. Jim Galloway, “Bizarre burial prods Holocaust angst,” The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 25, 2000, Page A1. ↑
  68. Jim Galloway, “Bizarre burial prods Holocaust angst,” The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 25, 2000, Page A1. ↑
  69. Jim Galloway, “Bizarre burial prods Holocaust angst,” The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 25, 2000, Page A1. ↑
  70. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  71. Jim Galloway, “Bizarre burial prods Holocaust angst,” The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 25, 2000, Page A1. ↑
  72. “Tombstone-Monument to Six Million Martyrs Dedicated In Impressive Rites,” Southern Israelite, April 30, 1965. ↑
  73. Samuel D. Gruber, “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA,” Center for Jewish Art, April 2025. ↑
  74. “Tombstone-Monument to Six Million Martyrs Dedicated In Impressive Rites,” Southern Israelite, April 30, 1965. ↑
  75. Gracie Bonds Staples, “Remembering the six million Holocaust victims,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 9, 2015. ↑
  76. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  77. Logan C. Ritchie, “Historic Holocaust memorial in Atlanta receives restoration award,” Rough Draft, April 29, 2026. ↑
  78. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  79. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  80. “Prize Winning Architectural Design,” Southern Israelite, August 23, 1968. ↑
  81. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  82. Shannon Byrne, “Lessons From A Holocaust Memorial,” I Am The Mountain, February 12, 2022. ↑
  83. The Atlanta Constitution, “Courses Teach People To Not Forget Horrors Of Holocaust,” May 6, 1978, Page 19. ↑
  84. Eternal Life-Hemshech, “About Us,” Official Website. ↑
  85. Eternal Life-Hemshech, “About Us,” Official Website. ↑
  86. NPS Form 10-900, “Memorial to the Six Million,” April 21, 2008. ↑
  87. Mike Weinroth, “Holocaust Memorial Restoration Begins at Greenwood,” Atlanta Jewish Times, January 10, 2024. ↑
  88. Gracie Bonds Staples, “Remembering the six million Holocaust victims,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 9, 2015. ↑
  89. Atlanta Daily World, “ATLANTANS HONOR VICTIMS OF ‘HOLOCAUST’ TODAY,” May 7, 1978, Page 1. ↑
  90. Lyle V. Harris, “`Memory is life itself’ – Jews gather at monument to remember the Holocaust,” The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, April 8, 1991, Page D/2. ↑
  91. Julie B. Hairston, “Holocaust attrocities recalled firsthand,” The Atlanta Constitution, April 12, 1999. ↑
  92. Jen Sansbury, “Holocaust recalled – Yom HaShoah honors victims of Nazi camps,” The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, May 1, 2000, Page C2. ↑
  93. Bill Hendrick, “Holocaust Remembrance: ‘I can’t believe it’s been 60 years’,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 6, 2005. ↑
  94. Bill Hendrick, “Holocaust Remembrance: ‘I can’t believe it’s been 60 years’,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 6, 2005. ↑
  95. Bill Hendrick, “A living memorial,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 9, 2005, Page D1. ↑
  96. Helena Oliviero, “Holocaust survivor to speak at remembrance in Atlanta,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 16, 2023. ↑
  97. Olivia Wakim, “‘The story has to be maintained’: Holocaust survivors to speak at Atlanta event,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 9, 2026. ↑
  98. Logan C. Ritchie, “Historic Holocaust memorial in Atlanta receives restoration award,” Rough Draft, April 29, 2026. ↑
  99. Eternal Life-Hemshech, “Memorial Restoration Project,” Official Website. ↑
  100. Mike Weinroth, “Holocaust Memorial Restoration Begins at Greenwood,” Atlanta Jewish Times, January 10, 2024. ↑
  101. Eternal Life-Hemshech, “Memorial Restoration Project,” Official Website. ↑
  102. Mike Weinroth, “Holocaust Memorial Restoration Begins at Greenwood,” Atlanta Jewish Times, January 10, 2024. ↑
  103. Eternal Life-Hemshech, “Memorial Restoration Project,” Official Website. ↑
  104. Mike Weinroth, “Holocaust Memorial Restoration Begins at Greenwood,” Atlanta Jewish Times, January 10, 2024. ↑
  105. Mike Weinroth, “Holocaust Memorial Restoration Begins at Greenwood,” Atlanta Jewish Times, January 10, 2024. ↑
  106. Logan C. Ritchie, “Historic Holocaust memorial in Atlanta receives restoration award,” Rough Draft, April 29, 2026. ↑
  107. Logan C. Ritchie, “Historic Holocaust memorial in Atlanta receives restoration award,” Rough Draft, April 29, 2026. ↑
Comprehensive Bibliography (Click to Expand)
  • Atlanta Daily World. “ATLANTANS HONOR VICTIMS OF ‘HOLOCAUST’ TODAY.” May 7, 1978, Page 1.
  • Ben M. “Atlanta Holocaust Memorial ‘The Six Million’.” Clio: Your Guide to History. October 9, 2017.
  • Byrne, Shannon. “Lessons From A Holocaust Memorial.” I Am The Mountain. February 12, 2022.
  • Eternal Life-Hemshech. “About Us.” Official Website.
  • Eternal Life-Hemshech. “Memorial Restoration Project.” Official Website.
  • Galloway, Jim. “Bizarre burial prods Holocaust angst.” The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution. September 25, 2000, Page A1.
  • Gruber, Samuel D. “Monument to the Six Million in Greenwood Jewish cemetery in Atlanta, GA.” Center for Jewish Art, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. April 2025.
  • Hairston, Julie B. “Holocaust attrocities recalled firsthand.” The Atlanta Constitution. April 12, 1999.
  • Harris, Lyle V. “`Memory is life itself’ – Jews gather at monument to remember the Holocaust.” The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution. April 8, 1991, Page D/2.
  • Hendrick, Bill. “A living memorial.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. May 9, 2005, Page D1.
  • Hendrick, Bill. “Holocaust Remembrance: ‘I can’t believe it’s been 60 years’.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. May 6, 2005.
  • NPS Form 10-900. “Memorial to the Six Million.” United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places. April 21, 2008.
  • Oliviero, Helena. “Holocaust survivor to speak at remembrance in Atlanta.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. April 16, 2023.
  • Ritchie, Logan C. “Atlanta city officials explore taking over dilapidated Greenwood Cemetery.” Rough Draft. November 1, 2025.
  • Ritchie, Logan C. “Historic Holocaust memorial in Atlanta receives restoration award.” Rough Draft. April 29, 2026.
  • Sansbury, Jen. “Holocaust recalled – Yom HaShoah honors victims of Nazi camps.” The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution. May 1, 2000, Page C2.
  • Southern Israelite. “Prize Winning Architectural Design.” August 23, 1968.
  • Southern Israelite. “Survivors of Nazism: To Erect Monument in Atlanta For Six Million Jewish Martyrs.” July 24, 1964.
  • Southern Israelite. “Tombstone-Monument to Six Million Martyrs Dedicated In Impressive Rites.” April 30, 1965.
  • Staples, Gracie Bonds. “Remembering the six million Holocaust victims.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. April 9, 2015.
  • The Atlanta Constitution. “Courses Teach People To Not Forget Horrors Of Holocaust.” May 6, 1978, Page 19.
  • The Atlanta Constitution. “New Memoir By Holocaust Survivor Reflects Hope and Humor Amid Despair and Death.” July 17, 2000.
  • The Georgia Trust. “2026 Excellence in Preservation: Holocaust Memorial to the Six Million.” 2026.
  • Wakim, Olivia. “‘The story has to be maintained’: Holocaust survivors to speak at Atlanta event.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. April 9, 2026.
  • Weinroth, Mike. “Holocaust Memorial Restoration Begins at Greenwood.” Atlanta Jewish Times. January 10, 2024.

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