The Heart of Campbellton Road: The Retail History of Campbellton Plaza

Introduction: A Mid-Century Commercial Anchor of Southwest Atlanta

Few commercial spaces in the American South mirror the shifting cultural, economic, and demographic tides of their city quite like Campbellton Plaza. Located just south of the historic Cascade Heights neighborhood, at the corner of Campbellton Road and DeLowe Drive, this 22-acre site has served as the bustling commercial extension of the Cascade community for generations. Over the decades, it has been a mid-century retail hub, a battleground for civil rights, a headquarters during one of the city’s darkest true-crime chapters, and the focal point of modern urban revitalization. This history chronicles the businesses, the people, the prices, and the cherished community memories that defined over seven decades of Southwest Atlanta history.

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Chapter 1: The Million-Dollar Vision (1955 to 1956)

In February 1955, the local press announced a massive undertaking for Southwest Atlanta: a $1,000,000, 22-acre shopping center designed to accommodate 20 stores and 1,000 parked cars. Built by the American Building and Engineering Corporation, the project was spearheaded by the C.D. LeBey Co. and leased by the Adams-Cates Co. The property was officially owned by a new entity simply named Campbellton Plaza, Inc.^[1]

The plaza’s rollout occurred in stages throughout the spring of 1956. On Tuesday, May 22, 1956, Kroger held its Grand Opening, billing the location as a “modern Food Department Store.” To draw crowds, Kroger gave away 1,000 potted plants, 1,000 pints of bleach, and hosted a contest featuring a 3/4-Ton Crosley Room Air Conditioner and Hamilton Beach electric mixers.^[2]

Weeks later, on Wednesday, June 13, 1956, the entire Campbellton Plaza Shopping Center celebrated its Grand Opening. Billed as “Atlanta’s Most Modern ‘One-Stop’ Shopping Center,” it served the growing neighborhoods of Cascade Heights, Fort McPherson, Ben Hill, Sylvan Hills, Adams Park, West End, and East Point. The original merchant lineup featured prominent mid-century retail chains and local businesses: Belk-Gallant, Jacob’s Pharmacy, Colonial Stores, Economy Auto Store, Kroger, Brownie’s Dress Shop, F.W. Woolworth, King Hardware, Bell Brothers Shoes, Stalling’s Flower Shop, Bennett’s Beauty Salon, Campbellton Plaza Barber Shop, Boyd’s Gift Shop, and Plaza Cleaners.^[3]

In these early days, before modern air conditioning was standard, locals remember the massive fans positioned at the front of the stores, blowing the warm Georgia air out into the parking lot. The grand prize for the opening week was a 16-foot, all-mahogany runabout boat equipped with a 30-horse Mercury outboard motor, establishing a precedent for the plaza’s large-scale community events.^[4]

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Chapter 2: The Golden Era of Retail and Community (1958 to 1969)

Throughout the late 1950s and 1960s, Campbellton Plaza was the undisputed center of community life for families living in the Cascade and Campbellton corridors. It was a neighborhood hub where merchants knew their regular customers.

The sensory memories of the era remain vivid for those who grew up there. At Jacob’s Drug Store, families would bring in suspicious television tubes to plug into the store’s massive tube-testing machine, buying replacements from a wall of parts. The Jacob’s soda fountain and grill was famous for serving some of the best hamburgers in town. A few doors down at F.W. Woolworth, children would sit at the luncheon counter, pop balloons to win banana splits, and visit the pet department to talk to “Talking Joe,” the store’s resident mynah bird.^[5]

Belk-Gallant anchored the center of the plaza and was the primary destination for back-to-school shopping, where young girls picked out white patent leather shoes adorned with rhinestones. Next door, the Old King Cole bakery lured shoppers with the smell of hot doughnut holes every morning, alongside fresh eclairs and tea cookies. Mothers spent their afternoons getting their hair styled at Bennett’s Beauty Salon, while fathers bought fly fishing rods and their first sets of tires at Western Auto (where local teenagers often found their first jobs assembling lawnmowers in the back).

The plaza’s footprint extended beyond its own parking lot. Directly across the street on DeLowe Drive sat a popular Putt-Putt golf course where neighborhood kids spent their Saturdays playing in local tournaments, often grabbing a slice at Gigi’s Pizza or jumping at the adjacent trampoline center afterward. Across Campbellton Road, Epp’s Dry Cleaners kept the neighborhood’s Sunday best pressed and ready.

The plaza utilized massive promotions to draw these families. In April 1960, the plaza declared itself “Easter Headquarters,” bringing in the Easter Bunny and giving away 3,000 live baby chicks to local children.^[6] On August 26, 1961, a Mayor’s Political Rally was held in the parking lot, featuring a free Aunt Jemima Pancake Supper.^[7] By May 1962, the plaza’s 6th Anniversary featured hourly giveaways of “Dominion” brand appliances, everything from waffle irons to hair clippers.^[8] In October 1964, the plaza hosted the “Junior Miss Fire Prevention Week Beauty Contest” for local toddlers, complete with the Atlanta Fire Department demonstrating a 100-foot ladder truck in the parking lot.^[9]

The plaza was highly lucrative. In April 1963, the C.D. LeBey Co. traded the 20-store center in a $1.5 million real estate transaction, exchanging it for three apartment buildings on Biltmore Drive.^[10] By April 1969, the plaza had expanded to 26 shops and services, adding tenants like Aaron Rents, Federal Bake Shop, Griffin Textile Outlet, Georgette’s Boutique, and the S&S Cafeteria (which had opened in 1968 and famously gave away free cherry pie and coffee for George Washington’s birthday in 1969).^[11], ^[12]

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Chapter 3: Social Shifts, Ice Storms, and Civil Rights (1970 to 1979)

As the 1970s dawned, the demographics and social fabric of Atlanta were changing, and Campbellton Plaza was caught in the crosshairs of civic engagement, civil rights, and shifting retail trends.

Civic life remained strong; in May 1970, the American Association of University Women (AAUW) placed their famous “big red barrels” at the plaza’s Kroger to collect books for their annual scholarship fair.^[13] In January 1973, the First National Bank of Atlanta opened a branch at 2098 Campbellton Road, celebrating by giving away free hot dogs and “flipper-dingers,” a traditional Appalachian folk toy made of river cane.^[14]

However, just two months later, in March 1973, the plaza became the site of a major civil rights incident.

“Bunnie Jackson, the wife of Atlanta Vice Mayor (and future Mayor) Maynard Jackson, attempted to get her two-year-old son a haircut at a small, unnamed barber shop in the plaza. She was stopped by a white barber who told her, ‘We don’t cut blacks’ hair in this shop.’ The shop’s owner claimed his barbers weren’t trained to cut ‘Negro hair.’ An outraged Maynard Jackson took the issue to the Board of Aldermen, calling it an ‘affront to the whole community.’”^[15]

The following year, in April 1974, the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Social Change utilized the plaza as a primary staging ground for a massive neighborhood voter registration drive.^[16]

Despite these tensions, the plaza remained a vital resource. During the Great Ice Storm of 1973, King Hardware became a focal point for the community, selling out of absolutely anything and everything related to light and heat as the neighborhood lost power.^[17]

This era also birthed the great “Grocery Store Debate” in local lore. While memory sometimes blurs the exact timelines, the plaza was a fierce battleground for grocers. Colonial Stores (remembered fondly for the big blue rooster on top of its building) anchored one side, while Kroger (Store #108) sat near the S&S Cafeteria. By the late 70s, Big Star had moved into the space near DeLowe Drive, creating a bustling grocery hub that kept the parking lot full. (Locals often debate whether A&P or Winn-Dixie were in the plaza, though historical records place them further down the corridor).

As the decade progressed, the plaza adapted to safety needs as urban crime began to rise (highlighted by the January 1974 arrest of a serial robbery suspect right in the plaza).^[18] In September 1976, facing the closure of the Zone 4 Police Precinct due to budget cuts, the “Umbrella organization” (Southwest Community Groups, Inc.) worked with plaza owners to renovate an unused section at the rear of the building facing Myrtle Drive. They leased it to the Atlanta Police Department for just $1.00 per year, securing a vital “mini-precinct” for the neighborhood.^[19]

Retail continued to evolve. In April 1976, Family Dollar held a massive Grand Opening at 2024 Campbellton Road, giving away a 10-inch GE Color TV and 600 pairs of pantyhose to the first ladies in the door.^[20]

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Chapter 4: Tragedy, Malls, and Activism (1980 to 1989)

The 1980s brought both profound tragedy and structural reinvention to Campbellton Plaza.

Historical Context: The Atlanta Child Murders Headquarters
In September 1980, during the height of the horrific Atlanta Child Murders, the “Committee to Stop Children’s Murders,” led by Camille Bell, mother of victim Yusef Bell, opened its official headquarters inside the plaza’s mini-mall. Operating seven days a week, the office served as a desperate community command center to gather tips, coordinate with private detectives, and demand action from a city administration they felt was playing politics with their children’s lives.^[21]

A year later, on December 1, 1981, the plaza underwent a major architectural shift with the Grand Opening of the Campbellton Mall. Managed by Fred Stedry and Polly Roseberry, this project enclosed a portion of the plaza to offer retail spaces ranging from 260 to 1,600 square feet. It boasted “Walk In Traffic” and “Full Time Security,” housing tenants like Royal Mattress, Gold Mine Records, a shoe shine shop, and Discount Beauty Supplies alongside the traditional anchors.^[22]

The plaza also became a staging ground for economic activism. During Labor Day weekends in 1983 and 1984, the NAACP launched the “National Black Dollar Days” campaign. The First National Bank branch at Campbellton Plaza was an official exchange location where affluent Black citizens were encouraged to trade their cash for $2 bills and Susan B. Anthony coins to visually demonstrate the $150 billion magnitude of Black spending power.^[23] In December 1986, the NAACP also opened its annual Christmas Store inside the Campbellton Mall, providing free donated toys and appliances to needy families.^[24]

Recognizing the area’s struggles, Mayor Andrew Young opened a city economic development office in the plaza in June 1985.^[25] By 1986 and 1988, the Atlanta Economic Development Corporation (AEDC) officially designated Campbellton Plaza as a targeted Business Improvement District.^[26]

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Chapter 5: The Fight for Survival (1990 to 1997)

The 1990s were defined by a tug-of-war between urban decay and fierce community pride. Crime had become a severe issue. In 1990, seniors at the nearby Baptist Towers reported being terrified of muggings and drug dealers while walking to the plaza’s Woolworth’s or S&S Cafeteria.^[27]

Community leaders fought back. Kevin Hughley, president of the Southwest Atlantans Consumer and Merchant Association (SACMAR), organized the “Clean-Up Campbellton Campaign” in October 1990, using the plaza as a staging ground.^[28] Hughley publicly criticized City Councilman Jim Maddox for conducting an economic tour that ignored the plaza’s “frequent robberies and bad lighting.”^[29] In response, the city and local groups organized a massive anti-crime “Walk-A-Thon” that culminated in a rally at the plaza.^[30] By 1994, the city even deployed police officers on bicycles to patrol the plaza and surrounding Cascade corridors, which residents noted helped decrease crime.^[31]

Culturally, the plaza remained vibrant. In 1991 and 1992, the Total Dance Theatre hosted showcases and dinner theaters at Club Reflections (2008 Campbellton Rd).^[32] From 1992 to 1994, the plaza served as the official starting point for the Southwest Atlanta Christmas Parade, which marched down to Greenbriar Mall.^[33]

However, the retail core was fracturing. In October 1990, First Atlanta Bank (managed by Valerie L. Odom) was still boasting its modern “Tillie” ATMs, but by 1992, Wachovia (which had absorbed the branch) closed the Campbellton office entirely, leaving only the ATM behind.^[34]

The most dramatic saga occurred in 1993 to 1994 involving F.W. Woolworth. After 36 years, Woolworth’s announced it would close its 20,000-square-foot store in January 1994. Plaza manager Jerry Lindenberg panicked; the 120,000-square-foot plaza was aging, the parking lot needed $250,000 in repairs, and rents were a mere $2.50 to $12 a square foot. Neighboring tenants feared they would lose all foot traffic.^[35]

Miraculously, Woolworth’s reversed its decision. Lindenberg convinced Woolworth’s president, Ed Hwaia, to visit the center. Upon seeing the effectiveness of the $1/year mini-police precinct and the new security guards, Hwaia realized his fears of crime were outdated. Woolworth’s quietly reopened on May 9, 1994, bringing the plaza back to 100% occupancy.^[36]

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Chapter 6: The Modern Era and a Fresh Start (2018 to 2026)

As the 21st century progressed, the legacy tenants of the 1950s and 60s finally aged out. On September 30, 2018, the S&S Cafeteria, a staple of the plaza since 1968, closed its doors for good. A sign on the door thanked the community for 50 years of friendship, marking the end of the S&S brand in metro Atlanta.^[37]

Yet, Campbellton Plaza was far from dead; it was merely awaiting its next evolution. In November 2024, the Federal Transit Administration outlined the “MARTA Rapid Campbellton” project, a $319.50 million Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line designed to connect the Oakland City rail station to Greenbriar Mall. Campbellton Plaza was explicitly named as a key activity center targeted for this transit-oriented economic catalyst, scheduled for revenue service in 2031.^[38]

The most vital modern development addressed a dire contemporary issue: food insecurity. In December 2024, Mayor Andre Dickens and Invest Atlanta announced an $8.17 million initiative to open municipal grocery stores in Atlanta’s food deserts.^[39]

Partnering with Savi Provisions CEO Paul Nair, the city targeted Campbellton Plaza (2080 Campbellton Road SW) for a massive new project: the Azalea Fresh Market. By June 18, 2026, the city announced that the 16,000-square-foot store was 30% complete. Designed to accept SNAP benefits, feature Georgia-grown produce, and serve as a community hub with nutrition workshops, the market was projected to serve 1,700 residents a month and generate a $2 million annual economic impact.^[40]

Scheduled to open in the Fall of 2026, the Azalea Fresh Market represents the ultimate full-circle moment for Campbellton Plaza. Seventy years after Kroger and Colonial Stores opened their doors in 1956 to feed a booming suburb, the plaza is once again being rebuilt to nourish, protect, and elevate the people of the Cascade and Campbellton corridors.

Appendix: A Directory of Historical Tenants (1956 to 1994)

• Anchors & Grocers: Kroger, Colonial Stores, Big Star, F.W. Woolworth, Belk-Gallant (later Belk’s), Family Dollar, Azalea Fresh Market.
• Dining & Food: S&S Cafeteria, Southwest Seafood Restaurant, Scoops Ice Cream Parlor, Orange Julius, Beefhouse, Federal Bake Shop, Old King Cole Bakery, Van Luden’s Foods.
• Apparel & Shoes: Brownie’s Dress Shop, Bell Brothers Shoes, Arthur’s Men’s & Boys’ Clothing, Tally Ho Casuals, Right On Inc., The Bottom Half, K Fashion, Kessler’s.
• Services & Specialty: Jacob’s Pharmacy, Economy Auto Store, King Hardware, Western Auto, Stalling’s Flower Shop, Bennett’s Beauty Salon / Hairdressers, Campbellton Plaza Barber Shop, Boyd’s Gift Shop, Plaza Cleaners, Epp’s Dry Cleaners, Walter R. Thomas Jewelers, J.P. Jewelry, Aaron Rents, Allied Finance Company, Studio One, Kidney Foundation Thrift Store, The Bike Shop, His and Hers Hair Styles, Griffin Textile Outlet, Georgette’s Boutique, S. 200 Lounge, Art Shop, Wine Store, Gulf Oil Station, Goldmine Records and Tapes, Campbellton Tailoring Center, Discount Beauty Center, Noah’s Ark, Margaret Ponger & Sons, 60 Minute Cleaners, Royal Mattress, Shoe Shine Shop, Samples & Closeouts.
• Medical & Financial: C&S Bank, First National Bank of Atlanta (later Wachovia), Dr. Elmer N. Schnitzer (Optometrist), Dr. Weldon Odom (Chiropractor).

Related Reading:

• Cascade Heights: The Foundational Anchor
• Adams Park: WPA Craftsmanship and the Desegregation of Public Golf

Footnotes & Citations (Click to Expand)

Citations:

1. “$1,000,000 Shop Center for Campbellton Road,” The Atlanta Journal, February 6, 1955, 43. ↑
2. “Grand Opening! Tuesday May 22 Kroger,” The Atlanta Constitution, May 22, 1956, 36. ↑
3. “Campbellton Plaza Shopping Center Grand Opening,” The Atlanta Journal, June 13, 1956, 51. ↑
4. Community memories and oral histories sourced from local residents regarding Campbellton Plaza’s early retail environment. ↑
5. Community memories and oral histories sourced from local residents. ↑
6. “The Easter Bunny Arrives,” The Atlanta Journal, April 10, 1960, 10. ↑
7. “Mayor’s Political Rally,” The Atlanta Constitution, August 25, 1961, 8. ↑
8. “6th Anniversary Events,” The Atlanta Constitution, May 31, 1962, 14. ↑
9. “Junior Miss Fire Prevention Week,” The Atlanta Journal, September 30, 1964, 26. ↑
10. “Campbellton Plaza Traded For 3 Apartment Buildings,” The Atlanta Constitution, April 12, 1963, 48. ↑
11. “Campbellton Plaza For ‘Convenient’ Easter Shopping,” The Atlanta Journal, April 2, 1969, 41. ↑
12. “We’re Celebrating George Washington’s Birthday!”, The Atlanta Journal, February 19, 1969, 107. ↑
13. “AAUW Members Collect Books,” Atlanta Daily World, May 31, 1970, 3. ↑
14. “First National’s opened a new branch office,” Atlanta Daily World, January 18, 1973, 2. ↑
15. Douglas Wells, “‘White Only’ Barber Shop Code Questioned,” Atlanta Daily World, March 9, 1973, 8. ↑
16. “King Center Slates Voter Drive Today,” Atlanta Daily World, April 19, 1974, 2. ↑
17. Community memories and oral histories sourced from local residents. ↑
18. “Grand Jury Returns Rape, Two Murder Indictments,” Atlanta Daily World, January 31, 1974, 1. ↑
19. “S.W. Atlanta Keeps Police Precinct In Community Try,” Atlanta Daily World, September 23, 1976, 7. ↑
20. “Grand Opening Family Dollar,” The Atlanta Journal, April 28, 1976, 19. ↑
21. Evelyn L. Newman, “Committee To Stop Murder Of Children,” Atlanta Daily World, September 14, 1980, 1. ↑
22. “Campbellton Plaza Campbellton Mall,” Atlanta Daily World, November 6, 1981, 6. ↑
23. “National Black Dollar Days Campaign Begins Thursday,” Atlanta Daily World, August 28, 1983, 1. ↑
24. “NAACP Opens Its Christmas Store Dec. 18,” Atlanta Daily World, December 16, 1986, 2. ↑
25. “City Opens Office To Aid S.W.,” Atlanta Daily World, June 9, 1985, 1. ↑
26. “AECD Continues To Revitalize Atlanta,” Atlanta Daily World, April 17, 1986, 3. ↑
27. Sonia Murray, “Seniors organize to combat crime,” The Atlanta Journal, August 16, 1990, 145. ↑
28. Darren Hamilton, “SACMAR Organizes Clean-Up Campaign,” Atlanta Daily World, October 5, 1990, 3. ↑
29. Darren T. Hamilton, “Tour Of Southwest Atlanta Addresses Economic Development,” Atlanta Daily World, October 12, 1990, 1. ↑
30. “Walk-A-Thon On Saturday Fights Crime,” Atlanta Daily World, October 26, 1990, 1. ↑
31. “Police Riding Bicycles In Southwest Area,” Atlanta Daily World, March 24, 1994, 4. ↑
32. “Total Dance Theatre, Inc.,” Atlanta Daily World, December 19, 1991, 6. ↑
33. “Southwest Atlanta Christmas Parade,” Atlanta Daily World, November 19, 1992, 3. ↑
34. “Wachovia Centralizing Services In Two Markets,” Atlanta Daily World, November 29, 1992, 2. ↑
35. Jennifer French Parker, “Woolworth store closing complicates comeback for Campbellton Plaza,” The Atlanta Journal, October 28, 1993, 202. ↑
36. Jennifer French Parker, “Woolworth’s quietly reopens store in Campbellton Plaza,” The Atlanta Journal, June 9, 1994, 297. ↑
37. Ligaya Figueras, “The last S&S Cafeteria in metro Atlanta is closing,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, September 26, 2018. ↑
38. “MARTA Rapid Campbellton,” Federal Transit Administration Small Starts Project Development Profile, November 2024. ↑
39. “City of Atlanta to co-fund grocery stores in Downtown, Campbellton Plaza,” Rough Draft Atlanta, December 20, 2024. ↑
40. “Azalea Fresh Market Surpasses 150,000 Customers, Expands Mission to Address Atlanta Food Deserts,” City of Atlanta Office of Communications, June 18, 2026. ↑

Comprehensive Bibliography (Click to Expand)

• Atlanta Daily World. “AAUW Members Collect Books.” May 31, 1970.
• Atlanta Daily World. “AECD Continues To Revitalize Atlanta.” April 17, 1986.
• Atlanta Daily World. “Campbellton Plaza Campbellton Mall.” November 6, 1981.
• Atlanta Daily World. “City Opens Office To Aid S.W.” June 9, 1985.
• Atlanta Daily World. “First National’s opened a new branch office.” January 18, 1973.
• Atlanta Daily World. “Grand Jury Returns Rape, Two Murder Indictments.” January 31, 1974.
• Atlanta Daily World. “King Center Slates Voter Drive Today.” April 19, 1974.
• Atlanta Daily World. “NAACP Opens Its Christmas Store Dec. 18.” December 16, 1986.
• Atlanta Daily World. “National Black Dollar Days Campaign Begins Thursday.” August 28, 1983.
• Atlanta Daily World. “Police Riding Bicycles In Southwest Area.” March 24, 1994.
• Atlanta Daily World. “S.W. Atlanta Keeps Police Precinct In Community Try.” September 23, 1976.
• Atlanta Daily World. “Southwest Atlanta Christmas Parade.” November 19, 1992.
• Atlanta Daily World. “Total Dance Theatre, Inc.” December 19, 1991.
• Atlanta Daily World. “Wachovia Centralizing Services In Two Markets.” November 29, 1992.
• Atlanta Daily World. “Walk-A-Thon On Saturday Fights Crime.” October 26, 1990.
• City of Atlanta Office of Communications. “Azalea Fresh Market Surpasses 150,000 Customers, Expands Mission to Address Atlanta Food Deserts.” June 18, 2026.
• Federal Transit Administration. “MARTA Rapid Campbellton.” Small Starts Project Development Profile, November 2024.
• Hamilton, Darren. “SACMAR Organizes Clean-Up Campaign.” Atlanta Daily World, October 5, 1990.
• Hamilton, Darren T. “Tour Of Southwest Atlanta Addresses Economic Development.” Atlanta Daily World, October 12, 1990.
• Newman, Evelyn L. “Committee To Stop Murder Of Children.” Atlanta Daily World, September 14, 1980.
• Rough Draft Atlanta. “City of Atlanta to co-fund grocery stores in Downtown, Campbellton Plaza.” December 20, 2024.
• The Atlanta Constitution. “6th Anniversary Events.” May 31, 1962.
• The Atlanta Constitution. “Campbellton Plaza Traded For 3 Apartment Buildings.” April 12, 1963.
• The Atlanta Constitution. “Grand Opening! Tuesday May 22 Kroger.” May 22, 1956.
• The Atlanta Constitution. “Mayor’s Political Rally.” August 25, 1961.
• The Atlanta Journal. “$1,000,000 Shop Center for Campbellton Road.” February 6, 1955.
• The Atlanta Journal. “Campbellton Plaza For ‘Convenient’ Easter Shopping.” April 2, 1969.
• The Atlanta Journal. “Campbellton Plaza Shopping Center Grand Opening.” June 13, 1956.
• The Atlanta Journal. “Grand Opening Family Dollar.” April 28, 1976.
• The Atlanta Journal. “Junior Miss Fire Prevention Week.” September 30, 1964.
• The Atlanta Journal. “The Easter Bunny Arrives.” April 10, 1960.
• The Atlanta Journal. “We’re Celebrating George Washington’s Birthday!” February 19, 1969.
• The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. “The last S&S Cafeteria in metro Atlanta is closing.” September 26, 2018.
• Murray, Sonia. “Seniors organize to combat crime.” The Atlanta Journal, August 16, 1990.
• Parker, Jennifer French. “Woolworth store closing complicates comeback for Campbellton Plaza.” The Atlanta Journal, October 28, 1993.
• Parker, Jennifer French. “Woolworth’s quietly reopens store in Campbellton Plaza.” The Atlanta Journal, June 9, 1994.
• Wells, Douglas. “‘White Only’ Barber Shop Code Questioned.” Atlanta Daily World, March 9, 1973.